where r is the radius of the solid particle, vis the freezing front velocity, α0 is the meandistance between molecules in the liquid phase, d is the thickness of the liquid layer between the solid–liquid interface andthe particle (i.e., the distance between the ice front and theparticle), η is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid and n is anempirical correction factor for the repulsive forces that generally ranges from 1 to 4.[3c]Equating FR and FA and solving for the ice front velocity, v,results in an expression for the critical freezing front velocity, vcr.
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